Human Gene Module / Chromosome 9 / STXBP1

STXBP1Syntaxin binding protein 1

Score
3S
Suggestive Evidence, Syndromic Criteria 3.1, Syndromic
Autism Reports / Total Reports
8 / 34
Rare Variants / Common Variants
134 / 0
Aliases
STXBP1, RP11-56D16.3,  MUNC18-1,  NSEC1,  P67,  RBSEC1,  UNC18
Associated Syndromes
Atypical Rett syndrome, Ohtahara syndrome, Rett syndrome
Genetic Category
Rare Single Gene Mutation, Syndromic, Functional
Chromosome Band
9q34.11
Associated Disorders
EP, ASD, DD/NDD, EPS, ADHD, ID
Relevance to Autism

A 67 kb monogenic deletion affecting exons 1-4 of the STXBP1 gene was identified in a female patient with ASD, severe ID, and neonatal seizures (Campbell et al., 2012).

Molecular Function

This gene encodes a syntaxin-binding protein. The encoded protein appears to play a role in release of neurotransmitters via regulation of syntaxin, a transmembrane attachment protein receptor. Mutations in this gene have been associated with infantile epileptic encephalopathy-4.

External Links
Gene CardEntrez GeneOMIMUniProtEntrez GeneMouse Genome InformaticsAllen Brain AtlasHumanBasePubMed
Reports related to STXBP1 (34 Reports)
# Type Title Author, Year Autism Report Associated Disorders
1 Highly Cited De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy. Saitsu H , et al. (2008) No ID
2 Support De novo STXBP1 mutations in mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy. Hamdan FF , et al. (2009) No Epilepsy
3 Support Clinical spectrum of early-onset epileptic encephalopathies associated with STXBP1 mutations. Deprez L , et al. (2010) No ID
4 Support STXBP1 mutations in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern. Saitsu H , et al. (2010) No -
5 Support Paternal mosaicism of an STXBP1 mutation in OS. Saitsu H , et al. (2010) No -
6 Support STXBP1 mutations cause not only Ohtahara syndrome but also West syndrome--result of Japanese cohort study. Otsuka M , et al. (2011) No -
7 Support Intellectual disability without epilepsy associated with STXBP1 disruption. Hamdan FF , et al. (2011) No -
8 Support Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders. Neale BM , et al. (2012) Yes -
9 Primary Novel 9q34.11 gene deletions encompassing combinations of four Mendelian disease genes: STXBP1, SPTAN1, ENG, and TOR1A. Campbell IM , et al. (2012) Yes -
10 Support Range of genetic mutations associated with severe non-syndromic sporadic intellectual disability: an exome sequencing study. Rauch A , et al. (2012) No Epilepsy, ASD
11 Support Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1. Carvill GL , et al. (2013) No ID, ASD, DD
12 Positive Association De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies. Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013) No IS, LGS, DD, ID, ASD, ADHD
13 Support Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders. Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014) No ASD
14 Support Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder. Yuen RK , et al. (2015) Yes -
15 Support A de-novo STXBP1 gene mutation in a patient showing the Rett syndrome phenotype. Romaniello R , et al. (2015) No ID, epilepsy/seizures
16 Support Mutations in epilepsy and intellectual disability genes in patients with features of Rett syndrome. Olson HE , et al. (2015) No Epilepsy
17 Recent Recommendation Incorporating Functional Information in Tests of Excess De Novo Mutational Load. Jiang Y , et al. (2015) No -
18 Support Gene Mutation Analysis in 253 Chinese Children with Unexplained Epilepsy and Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities. Zhang Y , et al. (2015) No -
19 Recent Recommendation STXBP1 encephalopathy: A neurodevelopmental disorder including epilepsy. Stamberger H , et al. (2016) No ASD or autistic features
20 Support Mislocalization of syntaxin-1 and impaired neurite growth observed in a human iPSC model for STXBP1-related epileptic encephalopathy. Yamashita S , et al. (2016) No Epilepsy
21 Support Epilepsy is not a mandatory feature of STXBP1 associated ataxia-tremor-retardation syndrome. Gburek-Augustat J , et al. (2016) No Ataxia
22 Support De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort. Wang T , et al. (2016) Yes -
23 Support Clinical exome sequencing: results from 2819 samples reflecting 1000 families. Trujillano D , et al. (2016) Yes -
24 Support Diagnostic Targeted Resequencing in 349 Patients with Drug-Resistant Pediatric Epilepsies Identifies Causative Mutations in 30 Different Genes. Parrini E , et al. (2016) No -
25 Support Hotspots of missense mutation identify neurodevelopmental disorder genes and functional domains. Geisheker MR , et al. (2017) Yes -
26 Support Using medical exome sequencing to identify the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders: experience of two clinical units and 216 patients. Chrot E , et al. (2017) No Epileptic encephalopathy, ADHD
27 Support Rates, distribution and implications of postzygotic mosaic mutations in autism spectrum disorder. Lim ET , et al. (2017) Yes -
28 Support Improved diagnostic yield compared with targeted gene sequencing panels suggests a role for whole-genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test. Lionel AC , et al. (2017) No -
29 Support Protein structure and phenotypic analysis of pathogenic and population missense variants in STXBP1. Suri M , et al. (2017) No Epilepsy/seizures, ASD
30 Support Germline and somatic mutations in STXBP1 with diverse neurodevelopmental phenotypes. Uddin M , et al. (2017) No ASD, motor delay
31 Recent Recommendation Protein instability, haploinsufficiency, and cortical hyper-excitability underlie STXBP1 encephalopathy. Kovacevic J , et al. (2018) No -
32 Support A novel STXBP1 mutation causes typical Rett syndrome in a Japanese girl. Yuge K , et al. (2018) No Epilepsy/seizures, developmental regression, ASD,
33 Support Mechanism-based rescue of Munc18-1 dysfunction in varied encephalopathies by chemical chaperones. Guiberson NGL , et al. (2018) No -
34 Support Genome sequencing identifies multiple deleterious variants in autism patients with more severe phenotypes. Guo H , et al. (2018) Yes -
Rare Variants   (134)
Status Allele Change Residue Change Variant Type Inheritance Pattern Parental Transmission Family Type PubMed ID Author, Year
c.1631G>A p.Gly544Asp missense_variant Unknown - - 18469812 Saitsu H , et al. (2008)
c.539G>A p.Cys180Tyr missense_variant De novo - - 18469812 Saitsu H , et al. (2008)
c.1328T>G p.Met443Arg missense_variant De novo - - 18469812 Saitsu H , et al. (2008)
c.251T>A p.Val84Asp missense_variant De novo - - 18469812 Saitsu H , et al. (2008)
c.1162C>T p.Arg388Ter stop_gained De novo - - 19557857 Hamdan FF , et al. (2009)
c.169+1G>A - splice_site_variant De novo - - 19557857 Hamdan FF , et al. (2009)
c.1434G>A p.Trp478Ter stop_gained De novo - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
c.893_894delAG p.Glu278GlyfsTer15 frameshift_variant Unknown - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
c.1029 + 1G>T p.[Lys343AsnfsTer13; Tyr344_Glu603del Ins11] splice_site_variant De novo - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
c.963 + ?_(*1967+?) del p.Thr322_Glu603 del copy_number_loss De novo - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
(?_-120)_37 + ?del - copy_number_loss De novo - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
c.429 + 1G>A - splice_site_variant De novo - - 20876469 Deprez L , et al. (2010)
c.1217G>A p.Arg406His missense_variant De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.157G>T p.Glu53Ter stop_gained De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.388_389delCT p.Leu130AspfsTer11 frameshift_variant De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.663 + 5G>A - splice_site_variant De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.703C>T p.Arg235Ter stop_gained De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.747dupT p.Gln250SerfsTer6 frameshift_variant De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.961A>T p.Lys321Ter stop_gained De novo - - 20887364 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
c.902+5G>A - splice_site_variant Familial Paternal - 21062273 Saitsu H , et al. (2010)
del(ACTC) - frameshift_variant De novo - - 21204804 Otsuka M , et al. (2011)
c.1654T>C p.Cys552Arg missense_variant De novo - - 21204804 Otsuka M , et al. (2011)
c.1206delT p.Tyr402Ter frameshift_variant De novo - - 21364700 Hamdan FF , et al. (2011)
c.1651C>T P.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - Simplex 22495311 Neale BM , et al. (2012)
- - copy_number_loss Unknown - Unknown 22722545 Campbell IM , et al. (2012)
c.301G>C p.Ala101Pro missense_variant De novo - Simplex 23020937 Rauch A , et al. (2012)
c.2471delG p.? splice_site_variant De novo - Simplex 23020937 Rauch A , et al. (2012)
c.175G>A p.Glu59Lys missense_variant De novo - Simplex 23020937 Rauch A , et al. (2012)
c.1154delC p.Met387TyrfsTer17 frameshift_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.1630G>T p.Gly544Cys missense_variant Unknown - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.125C>T p.Ser42Phe missense_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.238T>C p.Ser80Pro missense_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.1060T>C p.Cys354Arg missense_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.1708A>G p.Thr570Ala missense_variant De novo - - 23708187 Carvill GL , et al. (2013)
c.1004C>T p.Pro335Leu missense_variant De novo - - 23934111 Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013)
c.703C>T p.Arg235Ter stop_gained De novo - - 23934111 Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013)
c.1217G>A p.Arg406His missense_variant De novo - - 23934111 Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - - 23934111 Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013)
c.1631G>A p.Gly544Asp missense_variant De novo - - 23934111 Epi4K Consortium , et al. (2013)
c.1099C>T p.Arg367Ter stop_gained De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.148dupA p.Ile50AsnfsTer14 frameshift_variant De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.704G>A p.Arg235Gln missense_variant De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.437_438delCCinsC p.Leu147TrpfsTer18 frameshift_variant De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.778G>T p.Glu260Ter stop_gained De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.1631G>T p.Gly544Val missense_variant De novo - Simplex 25533962 Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study (2014)
c.1580delC p.Pro528GlnfsTer18 frameshift_variant De novo - Multiplex 25621899 Yuen RK , et al. (2015)
c.1217G>A p.Arg406His missense_variant De novo - Simplex 25714420 Romaniello R , et al. (2015)
c.1658delC p.Tyr554ThrfsTer3 frameshift_variant Unknown Not maternal - 25914188 Olson HE , et al. (2015)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - Simplex 26544041 Zhang Y , et al. (2015)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - Simplex 26544041 Zhang Y , et al. (2015)
c.1022T>C p.Leu341Pro missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.704G>A p.Arg235Gln missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1216C>T p.Arg406Cys missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.922A>T p.Lys308Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1075C>T p.Gln359Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1217G>A p.Arg406His missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.875G>A p.Arg292His missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1277 T>C Leu426Pro missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1099C>T Arg367Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1438C>T p.Pro480Ser missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.364C>T p.Arg122Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1359+1 G>A p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
- - copy_number_loss Unknown - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.364C>T p.Arg122Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.430-1G>C p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.38-?_(663+?_902+?) del - copy_number_loss De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
- - copy_number_loss De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1723C>T p.Pro575Ser missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1548-6_1559delinsAT p.? frameshift_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.794+5G>A p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.795-2A>T p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.388-389delCT - frameshift_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
- - copy_number_loss Unknown - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.874C>T p.Arg292Cys missense_variant Unknown Not maternal - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.874C>T p.Arg292Cys missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1461G>A p.(=) synonymous_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.17T>C p.Leu6Pro missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.518C>A p.Ala173Glu missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1110+1G>A p.? splice_site_variant Unknown - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.902+1G>A p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.107T>A p.Leu36Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1565G>A p.Trp522Ter stop_gained Unknown - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1359+5G>C p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1672delC p.Gln558ArgfsTer frameshift_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1652G>A p.Arg551His missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.579-2A>G p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.430-2_430+2delinsTGGGAGA p.? frameshift_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.874C>T p.Arg292Cys missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
- - copy_number_loss Unknown - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.875G>A p.Arg292His missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.875G>T p.Arg292Leu missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.703C>G p.Arg235Gly missense_variant De novo - - 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.795-1G>A p.? splice_site_variant De novo - Simplex 26865513 Stamberger H , et al. (2016)
c.1099C>T p.Arg367Ter stop_gained De novo - - 26918652 Yamashita S , et al. (2016)
c.1162C>T p.Arg388Ter stop_gained De novo - - 27184330 Gburek-Augustat J , et al. (2016)
c.695_696del p.Ile232ThrfsTer6 frameshift_variant De novo - - 27824329 Wang T , et al. (2016)
c.517G>A p.Ala173Thr missense_variant Familial Paternal - 27824329 Wang T , et al. (2016)
c.585C>A p.Tyr195Ter stop_gained Unknown Not maternal - 27824329 Wang T , et al. (2016)
c.703C>T p.Arg235Ter stop_gained De novo - Simplex 27848944 Trujillano D , et al. (2016)
c.1060T>C p.Cys354Arg missense_variant De novo - Simplex 27848944 Trujillano D , et al. (2016)
c.1565G>A p.Trp522Ter stop_gained De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
c.57_59del p.Ile19_Lys20delinsMet frameshift_variant De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
c.1408G>T p.Glu470Ter stop_gained De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
c.1099C>T p.Arg367Ter stop_gained De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
c.1216C>T p.Arg406Cys missense_variant De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
- - copy_number_gain De novo - - 27864847 Parrini E , et al. (2016)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - - 28628100 Geisheker MR , et al. (2017)
c.1598G>C p.Ser533Thr missense_variant Familial Paternal - 28628100 Geisheker MR , et al. (2017)
c.1598G>C p.Ser533Thr missense_variant Unknown Not maternal - 28628100 Geisheker MR , et al. (2017)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant Unknown - - 28628100 Geisheker MR , et al. (2017)
c.1595G>A p.Arg532His missense_variant Unknown - - 28628100 Geisheker MR , et al. (2017)
c.1706C>T p.Ser569Phe missense_variant De novo - - 28708303 Chrot E , et al. (2017)
c.1082C>T p.Thr361Ile missense_variant De novo - - 28708303 Chrot E , et al. (2017)
G>A p.Ala251Thr missense_variant De novo - - 28714951 Lim ET , et al. (2017)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - - 28714951 Lim ET , et al. (2017)
c.755T>C p.Met252Thr missense_variant De novo - - 28771251 Lionel AC , et al. (2017)
- - copy_number_loss De novo - - 28771251 Lionel AC , et al. (2017)
c.713_714delACinsA p.Ser240AlafsTer8 frameshift_variant De novo - - 28944233 Suri M , et al. (2017)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - - 28944233 Suri M , et al. (2017)
c.568C>T p.Arg190Trp missense_variant De novo - - 28944233 Suri M , et al. (2017)
c.1651C>T p.Arg551Cys missense_variant De novo - - 28944233 Suri M , et al. (2017)
c.533C>T p.Thr178Ile missense_variant De novo - - 28944233 Suri M , et al. (2017)
- - copy_number_loss De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
c.663+1G>T p.? splice_site_variant De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
C>T p.Arg292Cys missense_variant De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
c.1099C>T p.Arg367Ter stop_gained De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
- - copy_number_loss De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
- p.Lys526AsnfsTer23 frameshift_variant De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
c.755T>C p.Met252Thr missense_variant De novo - - 29264391 Uddin M , et al. (2017)
c.60delG p.Lys21ArgfsTer16 frameshift_variant De novo - - 29544889 Yuge K , et al. (2018)
c.560C>T p.Pro187Leu missense_variant De novo - Simplex 30504930 Guo H , et al. (2018)
Common Variants  

No common variants reported.

SFARI Gene score
3S

Suggestive Evidence, Syndromic

3S

Score Delta: Increased from 3S to 4.4 + acc2 + S

criteria met
See SFARI Gene'scoring criteria
3

Suggestive Evidence

See all Category 3 Genes

The literature is replete with relatively small studies of candidate genes, using either common or rare variant approaches, which do not reach the criteria set out for categories 1 and 2. Genes that had two such lines of supporting evidence were placed in category 3, and those with one line of evidence were placed in category 4. Some additional lines of "accessory evidence" (indicated as "acc" in the score cards) could also boost a gene from category 4 to 3.

S

Syndromic

See all Category S Genes

The syndromic category includes mutations that are associated with a substantial degree of increased risk and consistently linked to additional characteristics not required for an ASD diagnosis. If there is independent evidence implicating a gene in idiopathic ASD, it will be listed as "#S" (e.g., 2S, 3S, etc.). If there is no such independent evidence, the gene will be listed simply as "S."

4/1/2018
3S
icon
4.4 + acc2 + S

Increased from 3S to 4.4 + acc2 + S

Description

3S

Reports Added
[Germline and somatic mutations in STXBP1 with diverse neurodevelopmental phenotypes.2017] [Protein instability, haploinsufficiency, and cortical hyper-excitability underlie STXBP1 encephalopathy.2018] [A novel STXBP1 mutation causes typical Rett syndrome in a Japanese girl.2018]
10/1/2017
3S
icon
3S

Increased from 3S to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[Protein structure and phenotypic analysis of pathogenic and population missense variants in STXBP1.2017]
7/1/2017
3S
icon
3S

Increased from 3S to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[Using medical exome sequencing to identify the causes of neurodevelopmental disorders: experience of two clinical units and 216 patients.2017] [Improved diagnostic yield compared with targeted gene sequencing panels suggests a role for whole-genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test.2017] [Rates, distribution and implications of postzygotic mosaic mutations in autism spectrum disorder.2017] [Hotspots of missense mutation identify neurodevelopmental disorder genes and functional domains.2017]
1/1/2017
3S
icon
3S

Increased from 3S to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[Diagnostic Targeted Resequencing in 349 Patients with Drug-Resistant Pediatric Epilepsies Identifies Causative Mutations in 30 Different Genes.2016]
10/1/2016
3S
icon
3S

Increased from 3S to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015; Wang et al., 2016). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[De novo genic mutations among a Chinese autism spectrum disorder cohort.2016] [Clinical exome sequencing: results from 2819 samples reflecting 1000 families.2016]
4/1/2016
3S
icon
3S

Increased from 3S to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[STXBP1 encephalopathy: A neurodevelopmental disorder including epilepsy.2016] [Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1.2013] [Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder.2015] [De novo STXBP1 mutations in mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy.2009] [Range of genetic mutations associated with severe non-syndromic sporadic intellectual disability: an exome sequencing study.2012] [Novel 9q34.11 gene deletions encompassing combinations of four Mendelian disease genes: STXBP1, SPTAN1, ENG, and TOR1A.2012] [Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders.2012] [Intellectual disability without epilepsy associated with STXBP1 disruption.2011] [De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies.2013] [Mislocalization of syntaxin-1 and impaired neurite growth observed in a human iPSC model for STXBP1-related epileptic encephalopathy.2016] [De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.2008] [Epilepsy is not a mandatory feature of STXBP1 associated ataxia-tremor-retardation syndrome.2016] [Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders.2014] [Clinical spectrum of early-onset epileptic encephalopathies associated with STXBP1 mutations.2010] [STXBP1 mutations in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern.2010] [Mutations in epilepsy and intellectual disability genes in patients with features of Rett syndrome.2015] [Paternal mosaicism of an STXBP1 mutation in OS.2010] [STXBP1 mutations cause not only Ohtahara syndrome but also West syndrome--result of Japanese cohort study.2011] [A de-novo STXBP1 gene mutation in a patient showing the Rett syndrome phenotype.2015] [Incorporating Functional Information in Tests of Excess De Novo Mutational Load.2015] [Gene Mutation Analysis in 253 Chinese Children with Unexplained Epilepsy and Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities.2015]
1/1/2016
icon
3S

Increased from to 3S

Description

Heterozygous variants in the STXBP1 gene are responsible for a form of early-onset epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE4; OMIM 612164) highlighted by epilepsy and often severe intellectual disability (Saitsu et al., 2008; Deprez et al., 2010). ASD has been observed in individuals with STXBP1 variants both in the presence and absence of epilepsy and/or intellectual disability (Campbell et al., 2012; Neale et al., 2012; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, 2015; Yuen et al., 2015). A systemic review of 147 patients with STXBP1 encephalopathy, including 45 previously unreported patients, demonstrated that autism or autistic features were observed in approximately 20% of published cases, although the actual number of cases with autism/autistic features may be greater due to the focus of most studies on the intellectual disability/epilepsy phenotype (Stamberger et al., 2016). Variants in STXBP1 have also been identified in patients presenting with atypical Rett syndrome, with affected individuals frequently exhibiting autistic features and stereotyped movements (Romaniello et al., 2015; Olson et al., 2015).

Reports Added
[Mislocalization of syntaxin-1 and impaired neurite growth observed in a human iPSC model for STXBP1-related epileptic encephalopathy.2016] [Targeted resequencing in epileptic encephalopathies identifies de novo mutations in CHD2 and SYNGAP1.2013] [Whole-genome sequencing of quartet families with autism spectrum disorder.2015] [De novo STXBP1 mutations in mental retardation and nonsyndromic epilepsy.2009] [STXBP1 encephalopathy: A neurodevelopmental disorder including epilepsy.2016] [Range of genetic mutations associated with severe non-syndromic sporadic intellectual disability: an exome sequencing study.2012] [Novel 9q34.11 gene deletions encompassing combinations of four Mendelian disease genes: STXBP1, SPTAN1, ENG, and TOR1A.2012] [Intellectual disability without epilepsy associated with STXBP1 disruption.2011] [De novo mutations in the gene encoding STXBP1 (MUNC18-1) cause early infantile epileptic encephalopathy.2008] [Patterns and rates of exonic de novo mutations in autism spectrum disorders.2012] [Gene Mutation Analysis in 253 Chinese Children with Unexplained Epilepsy and Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities.2015] [Mutations in epilepsy and intellectual disability genes in patients with features of Rett syndrome.2015] [Large-scale discovery of novel genetic causes of developmental disorders.2014] [Clinical spectrum of early-onset epileptic encephalopathies associated with STXBP1 mutations.2010] [STXBP1 mutations in early infantile epileptic encephalopathy with suppression-burst pattern.2010] [Paternal mosaicism of an STXBP1 mutation in OS.2010] [STXBP1 mutations cause not only Ohtahara syndrome but also West syndrome--result of Japanese cohort study.2011] [A de-novo STXBP1 gene mutation in a patient showing the Rett syndrome phenotype.2015] [De novo mutations in epileptic encephalopathies.2013] [Incorporating Functional Information in Tests of Excess De Novo Mutational Load.2015]
Krishnan Probability Score

Score 0.5751140747065

Ranking 659/25841 scored genes


[Show Scoring Methodology]
Krishnan and colleagues generated probability scores genome-wide by using a machine learning approach on a human brain-specific gene network. The method was first presented in Nat Neurosci 19, 1454-1462 (2016), and scores for more than 25,000 RefSeq genes can be accessed in column G of supplementary table 3 (see: http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v19/n11/extref/nn.4353-S5.xlsx). A searchable browser, with the ability to view networks of associated ASD risk genes, can be found at asd.princeton.edu.
Original Source
ExAC Score

Score 0.99988294322709

Ranking 702/18225 scored genes


[Show Scoring Methodology]
The Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) is a summary database of 60,706 exomes that has been widely used to estimate 'constraint' on mutation for individual genes. It was introduced by Lek et al. Nature 536, 285-291 (2016), and the ExAC browser can be found at exac.broadinstitute.org. The pLI score was developed as measure of intolerance to loss-of- function mutation. A pLI > 0.9 is generally viewed as highly constrained, and thus any loss-of- function mutations in autism in such a gene would be more likely to confer risk. For a full list of pLI scores see: ftp://ftp.broadinstitute.org/pub/ExAC_release/release0.3.1/functional_gene_constraint/fordist_cle aned_exac_nonTCGA_z_pli_rec_null_data.txt
Original Source
Sanders TADA Score

Score 0.75457231068876

Ranking 1601/18665 scored genes


[Show Scoring Methodology]
The TADA score ('Transmission and De novo Association') was introduced by He et al. PLoS Genet 9(8):e1003671 (2013), and is a statistic that integrates evidence from both de novo and transmitted mutations. It forms the basis for the claim of 65 individual genes being strongly associated with autism risk at a false discovery rate of 0.1 (Sanders et al. Neuron 87, 1215-1233 (2015)). The calculated TADA score for 18,665 RefSeq genes can be found in column P of Supplementary Table 6 in the Sanders et al. paper (the column headed 'tadaFdrAscSscExomeSscAgpSmallDel'), which represents a combined analysis of exome data and small de novo deletions (see www.cell.com/cms/attachment/2038545319/2052606711/mmc7.xlsx).
Original Source
Larsen Cumulative Evidence Score

Score 5

Ranking 293/461 scored genes


[Show Scoring Methodology]
Larsen and colleagues generated gene scores based on the sum of evidence for all available ASD-associated variants in a gene, with assessments based on mode of inheritance, effect size, and variant frequency in the general population. The approach was first presented in Mol Autism 7:44 (2016), and scores for 461 genes can be found in column I in supplementary table 4 from that paper.
Original Source
Zhang D Score

Score 0.20850596125832

Ranking 4140/20870 scored genes


[Show Scoring Methodology]
The DAMAGES score (disease-associated mutation analysis using gene expression signatures), or D score, was developed to combine evidence from de novo loss-of- function mutation with evidence from cell-type- specific gene expression in the mouse brain (specifically translational profiles of 24 specific mouse CNS cell types isolated from 6 different brain regions). Genes with positive D scores are more likely to be associated with autism risk, with higher-confidence genes having higher D scores. This statistic was first presented by Zhang & Shen (Hum Mutat 38, 204- 215 (2017), and D scores for more than 20,000 RefSeq genes can be found in column M in supplementary table 2 from that paper.
Original Source
CNVs associated with STXBP1(1 CNVs)
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9q34.11 12 Deletion-Duplication 22  /  44
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